Leisha Beneath the surface of the Earth lives a tremendous diversity of microbes, including many species of bacteria and fungi. These microorganisms vary in shape and size, and most of them are not even as thick as a hair. Though invisible to the naked eye, soil microbes play a fundamental role in our lives: they feed the plants that we grow for food. Essentially, soil microbes are essential for our survival on this planet. Soil microbes have evolved various ways to help plants grow, such as breaking down rocks, recycling dead matter, and establishing cooperative relationships with plants. Let’s delve into how these tiny organisms carry out these crucial tasks.
A Tiny Taste for Rocks
Plants cannot directly live on rocks because the nutrients in rocks are not available to them. The nutrients plants need—such as iron, potassium, phosphate, and nitrate—are found in the soil. These nutrients are like the building blocks required for plants to grow, much like the food we eat fuels our bodies.
In the beginning stages of plant evolution, plants existed only as algae in oceans. Around 420 million years ago, they started to settle on land, which was mainly rocky due to volcanic activity and lacked soil. Fortunately, microbes already present on land could extract nutrients from rocks through a process called rock weathering. These microbes made the nutrients trapped within rocks available for the new terrestrial plants, enabling them to thrive on land and helping to form soils for future plant generations.
How Microbes Perform Rock Weathering:
- Specialized Proteins and Acids: Microbes produce proteins and acids that chemically react with rock surfaces, releasing nutrients.
- Example Organisms:
- Bacteria: Bacillus subtilis releases manganese in a form that plants can absorb.
- Fungi: Talaromyces flavus uses acid and pressure from hyphae to extract magnesium and iron from rocks.
Microbial Scavengers: Guardians of the Soils
In the eighteenth century, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier formulated the law of conservation of mass: “Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed.” This principle applies to living organisms and is illustrated by saprobionts—microbes that recycle elements by decomposing dead matter like plant debris and then absorbing the resulting nutrients.
Role of Saprobionts:
- Decomposition: Saprobionts break down dead plant material, recycling elements like sugars which plants use in photosynthesis.
- Nutrient Transformation: These microbes make nutrients from dead matter available for plant uptake.
- Diversity: Saprobionts include various fungal and bacterial species that thrive in different conditions, ensuring efficient nutrient cycling and soil fertility, even under environmental stresses.
- Example: Without microbial saprobionts, compost would not effectively feed plants, resulting in poorer crop yields.
Hidden Root Marriages: The Role of Exudates
The areas of the soil near plant roots are hotspots of microbial diversity. Some bacterial and fungal species find shelter inside the roots and access sugars produced via photosynthesis in exchange for providing nutrients and other services to the plant. This mutually beneficial relationship is known as symbiosis. One of the key elements in this relationship is the secretion of exudates by plant roots.
Exudates: Plants produce and release a variety of organic compounds known as exudates from their roots into the surrounding soil. These exudates serve as food for microbes. In return, these microbes supply essential nutrients to the plants.
Types of Symbiotic Relationships:
- Legumes and Rhizobia:
- Nodules: Legumes produce root nodules to house Rhizobia bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a usable form for plants.
- Crops: Soybeans, peanuts, and peas.
- Mycorrhizae:
- Fungal Hyphae: Fungi form mycorrhizae with plant roots, extending the root system’s reach and enhancing nutrient uptake.
- Importance: Over 80% of land plants form mycorrhizal relationships, crucial for nutrient acquisition and plant growth.
How Exudates Work:
- Nutrient Exchange: Plants release exudates into the soil, attracting beneficial microbes. These microbes feed on the exudates and, in exchange, provide the plant with necessary nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and essential minerals.
- Enhanced Growth: This symbiotic relationship improves nutrient availability, helping plants grow more robustly and healthily.
What Have You Learned?
Soil microbes are critical for plant nutrition in various ways. Researchers have made significant progress in understanding the beneficial relationships between plants and microbes, but many questions remain. Key areas for further research include understanding the dominant role of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition, identifying the most beneficial microbes for promoting plant health, and studying the impact of climate change on soil microbes. Maintaining diverse microbial communities is essential for resilient agriculture capable of facing future challenges.
Understanding and fostering these relationships is vital for building healthy soils that can sustain our agriculture and support our ecosystems. This knowledge not only highlights the importance of soil microbes but also underscores the need for sustainable practices to protect and enhance soil health.
